Characterization of the honey from Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anacardiceae – Aroeira) in the Dry Forest of northern of Minas Gerais/Brazil

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Introduction

easonally dry tropical forests are deciduous and semi- deciduous forests distributed in regions characterized by mean annual precipitation below 1600 mm and a distinct seasonality in rainfall (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). In Brazil they are conditioned by the prevailing semiarid climate, with high potential evapotranspiration throughout the year (1500–2000 mm y⁻¹) and low rainfall (300–1000 mm y⁻¹), which is usually concentrated in 3–5 months and is very erratic (Reddy, 1983). Their inhabitant’s main economic activities are cattle and subsistence agriculture, but land productivity is low and since resources are limited and birth rates have been high, the area has been a center of continuous migration, which increases during catastrophic drought periods. Social and economic parameters are the worst in the country, from lowest per capita income to highest illiteracy (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). Besides that, this vegetation is threatened by economic activity (Miles et al., 2006) and beekeeping represents a sustainable alternative income.

In this way, its needed to seek for strategies in the search for a balanced co-existence between farming families and the semi-arid environment such as recuperation and enrichment of depleted areas, besides increasing the biome’s productive potential for beekeeping, and goat and sheep farming (Brasil, 2014).

Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by bees from the nectar (floral honey) and/or excretions from sap-sucking insects (Hemiptera) that is called honeydew honey. Bees collect and transform these substances combining them with enzymes, dehydrate and store the mixture in honeycombs to ripen (Codex Stan, 2001).

The aim of this study is characterize physicochemical and microscopically the honey originated from the Dry Forest from northern of Minas Gerais State in Brazil, in order to create its Geographical Indication (GI).

 

 

Materials and Methods

2.1 Obtaining samples of honey

To obtain the 26 honey samples, bimonthly collections were made in hyper dry season (Figure 1-A, N=18), from May to October 2010 (total rainfall=31.4mm; average maximum temperature=31.5^oC), and in the dry season (Figure 1-B, N=8) (total rainfall=885.2mm; average maximum temperature=31.9^oC) (INMET, 2014), from November 2010 to April 2011, in apiaries in the cities of Bocaiúva (43^o 48’53″W 17^o06 ’29” S), Janaúba (43^o 18′ 31″ W 15^o 48 ’09” S), Mato Verde (42^o 51′ 59″ W 15^o 23’50” S), district of Tocaias and Jenipapo de Minas (42^o 15″29″ W 17^o 04’59” S). All these cities are located in areas bordering Dry Forest areas (Figure 2).

 

 

 

2.2 Microscopic analysis of honey samples

The sediment for microscopic analysis of honey was obtained from 10 g of honey thoroughly mixed, dissolved in 20 ml of distilled water and centrifuged for 3 to 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. After decanted, the sediment was washed with distilled water. After further centrifugation, the sediment was suspended in 5 ml of a mixture of equal parts of distilled water and glycerin and was centrifuged, decanted and mounted on microscope slides with glycerol-gelatin sealing with paraffin (Maurizio & Louveaux, 1965). For each sample two slides were made and analyzed. Pollen types were identified considering its morphology and comparing with reference pollen slide collection of Ezequiel Dias Foundation (Funed-Pol) made from plant species collected directly in the studied area. Quantitative analysis of the slides was made by counting the total pollen grains per sample and grouped by pollen types. Then, pollen types were grouped into four categories considering its relative frequency: Dominant Pollen (DP>45%); Accessory Pollen (AP; frequencies from15% to 45%); Minor Important Pollen (MIP; frequencies from 3% to 15%); Minor Occasional Pollen (MOP; <3%) according to Zander (apud Maurizio & Louveaux, 1965).

 

2.3 Physicochemical analyzes

The color of honey samples was determined by spectrophotometric method according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1998); the activity of the enzyme invertase was determined according Bogdanov et al. (2002). Acidity were determined based on the 0,05 N NaOH by neutralization of gluconic acid (White, 1980; Moraes & Teixeira, 1998). The total acidity was determined by the sum of the free acid and lactone.

Ash content was determined by the method of porcelain crucibles using 5 to 10 g of honey (AOAC, 1998). The sample was initially heated on a Bunsen burner until carbonization and then heated in a muffle kiln at 600 °C for 12 hours (AOAC, 1998).

The sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, erlose, melizitose and raffinose were determined by Reverser-Phase high performance liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The studies were carried out using a Shimadzu (model CLASS-10AD), column Lichrospher NH2 (250 mm x 4.0 mm particle diameter of 5μm) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), mobile phase acetonitrile, methanol and water (78:5:17) with isocratic elution system; flow rate of mobile phase 1.0 ml/min; oven temperature 40 °C; a refractive index detector and an auto sampler with 20 µm of injection (Campos et al., 1999; Sanz & Martínez-Castro, 2001). Approximately 2.5 g of sample was weighed, diluted in water: acetonitrile (1:1) to 25 mL and filtered through a PVDF membrane, 0.45 µm. Analyses were performed in triplicate and quantification were performed by external standard of fructose, glucose, sucrose, erlose, melezitose. All six standard sugars followed a quadratic (2nd order) fit and had R2 coefficients > 0.98.

2.4 Statistical analyzes

To compare the physicochemical and microscopic parameters between the hyper dry and dry seasons, we used the Mann-Whitney test (Hollander, 1999). The significance level (alpha) considered was 10%. For these analyzes, we used the R software (R, 2012).

 

Results

3.1 Microscopic analyzes of honey

In honey samples were identified the total of 20 pollen types during the study (Table 1). During the hyper dry period, 16 pollen types were found, with a predominance of Myracrodruon urundeuva pollen grains (Anacardiaceae) (Figure 3), with 98.2% of the total grains (Table 1).

During the dry period 12 pollen types were identified, wherein the Myracrodruon urundeuva (Figure 3) contributed with 68% of total grains, and other plants like, Eucalyptus sp. with 19%, Mimosa sp. with 9,5% (Table 1).

 

 

Table 1. Pollen types identified in honey samples collected from May of 2010 to April of 2011 in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. N=number of samples.

Pollen types	Hyper dry season				Dry season
	(May to October / 2010)				(November / 2010 to April / 2011)
	(N=18)				(N=8)
	Numerical Frequency	Percentage %	Category*		Numerical Frequency	Percentage %	Category*
Acanthaceae
Justicia clivalis	0.2	0.0
Anacardiaceae
Myracrodruon urundeuva	660.3	98.2	DP		218.9	68.0	DP
Spondias tuberosa					2.5	0.8
Asteraceae
Centratherum punctatum	0.2	0.0	MOP
Tipo Parthenium					0.1	0.0	MOP
Tridax procumbens	2.2	0.3	MOP		0.1	0.0	MOP
Vernonia sp.	0.1	0.0	MOP		0.8	0.2	MOP
Cecropiaceae
Cecropia sp.					0.4	0.1	MOP
Euphorbiaceae
Astraea lobata	0.2	0.0	MOP		1.0	0.3	MOP
Fabaceae
Acacia sp.	1.6	0.2	MOP		1.5	0.5	MOP
Bauhinia cf. forficata	0.2	0.0	MOP
Macroptilium bracteatum	0.1	0.0	MOP
Mimosa sp.	0.1	0.0	MOP		30.5	9.5	MIP
Pithecellobium sp.	0.2	0.0	MOP
Malvaceae
Wissadula hernandioides	0.1	0.0	MOP
Myrtaceae
Hyptis suaveolens	0.8	0.1	MOP		0.1	0.0	MOP
Eucalyptus sp.	1.2	0.2	MOP		61.3	19.0	AP
Poaceae
Poaceae unidentified 1	4.8	0.7	MOP
Rubiaceae
Richardia scabra	0.6	0.1	MOP
Sapindaceae
Serjania sp.					4.6	1.4	MOP
Total	672.8	100.0	–		321.8	100.0	–

*DP: Dominant Pollen (DP>45%); AP: Acessory Pollen (15% to 45%); MIP: Minor Important Pollen (3% to 15%);MOP: Minor Ocasional Pollen (<3%) according to Zander (apud Maurizio & Louveaux, 1965).

 

Table 2. Physicochemical parameters of honey from the Dry Forest located in the northern of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. N = number of samples; s.d. = standard deviation;

Variables	Hyper dry season (N=18)		Dry season (N=8)
	Mean	s.d.	Mean	s.d.
Invertase (U/kg)1	119.46	30.18	85.70	29.84
Electrical conductivity (µS/cm-1)	724,50	149,58	722,93	105,61
Total acidity (meq.kg-1)2	50.11	16.61	66.99	17.49
Ash (%)	0.28	0.11	0.24	0.15
pH3	4.35	0.33	3.90	0.41
Sugars (%)
Fructose4	39.90	6.18	34.25	2.61
Glucose5	34.73	5.77	29.40	1.87
Sucrose	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.03
Erlose	0.77	0.56	0.63	0.38
Melezitose	0.08	0.04	0.13	0.10

¹W = 105, p-value=0,070; ²W=143,0, p-value=0,0553; ³W=30,5, p-value=0,023; ⁴W=59, p-value=0,009; ⁵W=57, p-value=0,009.

 

3.2 Physicochemical analyzes

Physicochemical parameters of honey (invertase enzyme, electrical conductivity, acidity, ash, pH and sugar content) are reported in table 2. The color of 57.7% of honey samples was dark amber, followed by amber in 34.6% of the samples and clear amber in 7.7%.

Invertase was significantly higher in the hyper dry season (W = 105, p-valor=0.070), as well as fructose (W=59, p-valor=0.009) and glucose content (W=59, p-valor=0.009). On the other hand, honeys were significantly more acid during dry season (W=143.0, p-valor=0.0553).

 

Discussion

The predominance of Myracrodruon urundeuva pollen grains indicates that this specie is the main nectar source for A. mellifera in this Brazilian Dry Forest during the hyper dry period (May to October), which corresponds to the blooming period of this specie, from July to September (Andrade et al., 2000) and field observations. It is known that plants of Anacardiaceae are an important nectar and pollen source to bees in Cerrado biome, represented by genera Astronium and Schinus (“Author”, 2003) and now in Dry Forest by M. urundeuva specie.

During the dry period (from November to April) M. urundeuva pollen grains were the most frequent in honey samples, besides this species was not blooming and the presence of pollen grains of M. urundeuva all over the year in the honey shows the great potential of this species as source of nectar and pollen. During the dry period bees find, also, flowers of other plant species, such as Eucalyptus sp. and Mimosa sp., that are known to be another nectar sources (“Author”, 1995; “Author”, 2015).

The color of most of analyzed honey samples was dark amber during the hyper dry season (61% of 18 samples) and dry period (50% of 8 samples) and this can be considered one of the distinctively characteristic of this honey when compared to multifloral honeys.

During the hyper dry season, the blooming period of M. urundeuva, pH was significantly higher (4.35) than in the dry season (3.90), showing a less acid honey during this period. Consequently, the total acidity was lower in the hyperdry season rather than in the dry season (50.11 and 66.99 meq/ kg, respectively). According to Crane (1983) pH values can be influenced by nectar pH, soil or plant associations used by bees in order to elaborate honey.

The content of invertase enzyme in aroeira honey is known to be higher than other honeys. This enzyme plays a hole in the hydrolysis of sucrose on fructose and glucose, and it is directly related to the botanical origin of honey (Oddo et al., 1999; Vorlova & Pridal, 2002). In this study averages of invertase content in hyper dry and dry period were 119.50 U/kg and 85.7 U / kg, respectively.

Honey is a mixture of glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose and 22 di- and trisaccharides and higher sugars. Glucose and fructose are the major constituents, corresponding about 85% of the solid honey (Donner, 1977). Most of these sugars originate from the enzymatic action during ripening or storage. Some authors postulate that each type of honey has a distinct amount of various sugars, depending of its origin, from floral nectar or excretions of various aphids (Donner, 1977; White, 1980). The honey produced in of the Brazilian dry forest studied here had values of total sugars ranging from 71.6% in hyper dry period and 64.5% in the dry season. The honey samples studied showed percentage of melezitose (hyper dry = 0.08%, dry = 0.13%) and erlose (hyper dry = 0.77%, dry = 0.63%).

The honey produced in this Brazilian Dry Forest is characterized as a M. urundeuva honey and in this biome, the scarcity of floral resources, associated with high temperatures and low humidity, induce bees to seek this massive food sources to ensure their food supply. This leads to the productions of a honey presenting unique characteristics: predominance of pollen grains of M. urundeuva, color dark amber, high electrical conductivity, high levels of ash content, less acid pH and acidity, high levels of invertase and the presence of melezitose and erlose. This study will contribute to the geographical indication (GI) for this honey, produced only in this Brazilian Region. Once this GI is established beekeepers will be able to export it and this product will have its market value increased.

 

Acknowledgement

To Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for financial support.

 

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